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The Birch/Nazi method, a well-known synthetic route in the production of controlled substances, specifically employs anhydrous ammonia and lithium as its critical chemical components. This method is utilized primarily because anhydrous ammonia serves as a solvent and a critical reagent that aids in the reduction process, while lithium acts as a powerful reducing agent. The combination of these two substances enables the transformation of precursor compounds into more complex molecules through specific chemical reactions that are characteristic of the Birch reduction process.

Anhydrous ammonia's ability to dissolve lithium facilitates the generation of reactive intermediates that are essential to the synthesis. This choice is crucial as it highlights an understanding of how certain chemicals interact to bring about significant changes in molecular structure, a fundamental concept in synthetic organic chemistry.

Understanding the role of anhydrous ammonia and lithium, as opposed to other substances listed, showcases a solid grasp of the practical applications of chemical reactions in drug synthesis and the importance of each component in optimizing the efficacy and safety of the procedures employed.